Friday, October 24, 2008

Pohon Bergoyang : Antara emics dan etics

Suatu hari seorang kawan bertanyakan tentang etics dan emics dalam konteks penyelidikan. Kedua-duanya berkaitan dengan pendekatan yang digunakan samada kuantitatif ataupun kualitatif. Sebenarnya emic adalah berasal dari perkataan 'Phonemics' dan etics pula dari perkataan 'phonetics'. Bagi seseorang yang berkecimpung dengan linguistics mungkin telah biasa dengan istilah ini. Maka tujuan perbincangan ini hanyalah kepada 'layman' yang sekadar untuk mendapatkan sedikit pengetahuan tentang emics dan etics.

Bagaimana untuk mempermudahkan anda mengaitkan antara keduanya ialah dengan melihat persamaan huruf yang ada iaitu etics =kuantitatif dan emics=kualitatif. Dalam linguistics, phonemics bermaksud bunyi yang memberikan makna (difahami oleh pengguna) manakala phonetics pula bermaksud kajian bunyi yang dikeluarkan oleh manusia (konsep ditentukan oleh pengkaji). Setakat ini, adakah anda telah dapat melihat perkaitannya dengan penyelidikan?

Cuba fahami situasi ini, semasa anda sedang menaiki sebuat bot di tasik kenyir, anda telah memilih untuk duduk bersebelahan dengan pemandu bot yang merupakan penduduk tetap di kawasan tasik sejak puluhan tahun yang lalu. Dalam perjalanan untuk ke tempat memancing anda sibuk memerhatikan persekitaran kerana anda juga adalah seorang naturalist. Tiba-tiba anda lihat beberapa pokok bergoyang dengan kuat lalu anda bertanyakan kepada pemandu bot, banyak lagikan monyet di sini , saya tengok pokok bergoyang-goyang dengan kuat. Lalu pemandu bot menjawab, 'malam ni jamuan besarlah anak-anak kampung tu'. Dalam situasi yang sama , anda melihat sekumpulan monyet sedang bermain-main di atas pokok tetapi pemandu bot yang merupakan penduduk domestik pula melihat sekumpulan penduduk sedang memburu untuk jamuan malam. Mengapa berlaku demikian? Ini adalah kerana anda hanya melihat berdasarkan pengetahuan anda yang anda biasa lihat ditempat lain, apabila pokok bergoyang maka anda katakan monyet sedang bermain-main disitu. Sebagai seorang domestik, pemandu bot dapat melihat jauh ke dalam sehingga kepada hasil yang boleh terjadi daripada pergerakan monyet tersebut.

Daripada situasi itu, kita dapat membezakan kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Anda dan pemerhatian anda adalah bersifat kuantitatif dalam konteks penyelidikan manakala pemandu bot dan penerangannya adalah bersifat kualitatif kerana dia begitu memahami persekitarannya. Anda tidak boleh memberikan soal selidik dan menentukan tema kajian anda kerana dia lebih mengerti dan mengetahui perihal tasik kenyir dan isinya. Apa yang boleh anda dapatkan adalah tema daripada apa yang diceritakan dan laporkannya sebagai hasil kajian.

Tugasan anda ialah nyatakan satu contoh penyelidikan yang sesuai untuk pendekatan kualitatif dan kuantitatif setelah anda memahami konsep emics dan etics di atas.

20 comments:

Jubah hitam said...

Jika kita tanya pemain bola tentang permainan bola maka etik, tetapi jika kita tanya penonton bola tentang permainan bola maka emik, betul ko lagu tu en pakwar?

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