Friday, October 10, 2008

Pentaksiran dan Penilaian

eperiksaan vs Pentaksiran Cetak

Kita seringkali mendengar ungkapan pendidikan yang terlalu memberi penekanan kepada peperiksaan atau exam oriented yang dikatakan kurang baik. Kita disarankan supaya lebih memberi tumpuan kepada pentaksiran yang holistik. Apa itu peperiksaan dan apa itu pentaksiran. Apa pula yang dimaksudkan dengan penilaian? Apakah perbezaan antara istilah-istilah tersebut? Siri Peperiksaan Oh Peperiksaan kali ini membicarakan konsep dan penggunaan ketiga-tiga istilah ini di samping istilah-istilah lain yang berkaitan seperti pengukuran, ujian, soal selidik, kuiz, menduga akal dan temu duga.

Mengikut pakar dan penulis buku yang terkenal dalam bidang berkenaan iaitu David Payne dalam bukunya Applied Educational Assessment Edisi Kedua tahun 2003, pentaksiran ialah integrasi proses mengumpul maklumat, menginterpretasi maklumat atau memberi nilai kepada maklumat itu dan membuat keputusan berdasarkan interpretasi yang dibuat ke atas maklumat. Daripada pengertian pentaksiran di atas, beliau menyarankan:

Pentaksiran = Pengukuran + Penilaian

Untuk mendapatkan maklumat tentang pembelajaran murid, kita boleh mengguna proses pengukuran, penilaian atau pentaksiran. Pengukuran ialah proses mendapatkan maklumat dengan cara mengukur menggunakan instrumen sebelum ukuran itu dapat dinilai atau diinterpretasikan. Proses pengukuran berakhir dengan maklumat berbentuk kuantitatif seperti markah mentah, peratus markah mentah, persentil (peratusan kedudukan seseorang berbanding kedudukan orang lain), agregat dan pangkat atau band. Ukuran di atas boleh didapati sama ada dengan menggunakan instrumen atau pun tidak. Instrumen atau alat pengukuran pendidikan yang biasa digunakan ialah ujian, soal selidik (questionnaire), kuiz dan senarai semak (check list).

Tanpa instrumen, ukuran diperoleh dengan cara taksiran, anggaran, agakan, ta’kulan dan pemerhatian. Sebagai analogi, kita boleh mengetahui ukuran atau maklumat tentang berat seorang kanak-kanak Tahun Satu di Malaysia tanpa mengguna penimbang. Begitu juga seorang guru boleh mengetahui ukuran atau maklumat tentang sejauh mana muridnya menguasai apa yang dipelajari, tanpa menjalankan ujian, dengan cara di atas. Walau bagaimanapun, ukuran yang diperoleh tanpa mengguna instrumen tentunya kurang tepat dan kurang boleh dipercayai kerana seringkali berubah-ubah mengikut masa, mengikut orang yang mentaksir dan mengikut keadaan.

Penilaian ialah proses mendapatkan maklumat tentang sesuatu diikuti dengan proses memberi nilai atau interpretasi kepada maklumat itu. Misalnya, pernyataan ”Ahmad mendapat markah 90% dalam ujian Matematik, oleh itu dia adalah seorang murid yang cemerlang dalam mata pelajaran itu”, merupakan penilaian atau interpretasi tentang ukuran atau maklumat. Tidak seperti pengukuran, maklumat yang diperoleh daripada penilaian boleh jadi berbentuk kuantitatif atau kualitatif. Maklumat kualitatif dalam penilaian adalah seperti ”Baik”, ”Cemerlang”, ”Menguasai tahap pencapaian minimum” dan ”Boleh membaca dengan kefahaman yang tinggi”. Perhatikan bahawa maklumat kualitatif dalam penilaian boleh jadi nilaian atau interpretasi kepada maklumat kuantitatif.

Proses penilaian berhenti setakat memberi nilai atau interpretasi tanpa membuat keputusan seperti ”layak memasuki aliran Sains”. Apabila keputusan dibuat berdasarkan nilai atau interpretasi maklumat, proses yang berlaku daripada mengumpul maklumat sehingga membuat keputusan dipanggil pentaksiran. Dalam pendidikan, proses mengumpul maklumat, memberi nilai atau interpretasi kepada maklumat dan membuat keputusan boleh berlaku secara formal atau tidak formal. Ketiga-tiga proses di atas berlaku secara timbal balik dan sepadu antara satu sama lain dan sepadu dengan proses pengajaran-pembelajaran.

Pengertian istilah pentaksiran atau assessment yang berasal daripada perkataan Greek ”Assidere” iaitu bermaksud ”Duduk di sisi” seperti dinyatakan di atas sesuai dengan apa yang dilakukan oleh ibu bapa dalam mengajar Al-Quran dalam tradisi pendidikan orang Melayu. Proses pengajaran, pembelajaran dan pentaksiran berlaku secara timbal balik dan sepadu di mana sambil mengajar anaknya mengaji Quran, seorang ibu membuat pentaksiran secara tak formal kerana dia tahu adakah anaknya telah menguasai apa yang dipelajari atau belum dan dia tahu sama ada anaknya perlu mengulang balik atau meningkatkan ke tahap yang lebih tinggi. Di samping itu, si ibu akan menerapkan nilai-nilai murni dan akhlak mulia yang holistik sifatnya semasa proses tersebut berjalan. Dalam hal ini si ibu tidak perlu pun mengadakan ujian atau peperiksaan yang formal tetapi dia tetap dikatakan mendidik menggunakan proses pengajaran, pembelajaran dan pentaksiran yang sepadu.

Jika pentaksiran merupakan proses, peperiksaan pula merupakan salah satu kaedah, sistem atau mekanisma yang digunakan dalam proses pentaksiran. Sesuatu peperiksaan selalunya mengandungi beberapa siri ujian yang terancang untuk mendapatkan ukuran tentang sejauh mana proses pengajaran-pembelajaran berkesan. Ujian-ujian yang terdapat dalam sesuatu sistem peperiksaan boleh jadi ujian bertulis, ujian amali, ujian lisan, ujian pendengaran dan ujian berkomputer. Dengan ciri yang sedemikian, peperiksaan selalunya hanya sesuai diguna untuk mentaksir domain kognitif atau kebolehan mental seseorang. Dua domain yang lain iaitu afektif dan psikomotor kurang sesuai ditaksir menggunakan kaedah peperiksaan.

Oleh hal yang demikian, peperiksaan selalu dikatakan tidak lengkap kerana tidak memberi maklumat yang lebih holistik berkaitan dengan perkembangan dan peningkatan potensi individu seorang insan. Hal-hal seperti sahsiah, akhlak, nilai murni, budi pekerti, penampilan diri, kekuatan jasmani, rohani, emosi dan sosial sukar atau tidak mungkin dapat ditaksir sepenuhnya menggunakan peperiksaan.

Peperiksaan juga seringkali dikaitkan dengan pentaksiran standard, berpusat, luaran, sumatif dan dikendalikan oleh badan peperiksaan. Kekangan ini jugalah yang menyebabkan hal-hal yang sebutkan di atas sukar atau tidak dapat dilakukan dengan kaedah peperiksaan. Hal-hal tersebut lebih sesuai dilakukan melalui pentaksiran berasaskan sekolah, pentaksiran dalaman, pentaksiran formatif, pentaksiran alternatif, pentaksiran prestasi dan pentaksiran autentik.

Peperiksaan dikatakan menyebabkan anak-anak belajar dan guru-guru mengajar tidak seperti sepatutnya iaitu berdasarkan kurikulum dan sukatan pelajaran yang dibekalkan oleh Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum tetapi mengikut peperiksaan. Murid-murid dikatakan belajar dan guru-guru mengajar tidak mengikut kurikulum tetapi mengikut peperiksaan. Hal ini diperhatikan daripada fenomena murid Tahun Enam sekolah rendah yang tidak lagi belajar seawal bulan Julai kerana murid-murid perlu diberi persediaan untuk menduduki peperiksaan UPSR. Mereka akan diberi latih tubi menjawab soalan peperiksaan dan dikehendaki menduduki peperiksaan percubaan lebih daripada sekali (ada yang sehingga empat kali).

Ibubapa terpaksa mengeluarkan perbelanjaan yang besar untuk menghantar anak-anak ke pusat tuisyen untuk memastikan anak-anak mendapat keputusan cemerlang dalam peperiksaan. Anak yang gagal mendapat A dalam mata pelajaran tertentu dikatakan gagal dalam pembelajarannya. Sekolah yang prestasinya dalam sesuatu peperiksaan merosot berbanding prestasi tahun sebelumnya, walau pun hanya 0.1%, merasa tertekan kerana prestasi guru dan pentadbir sekolah dianggap merosot.

Wajarkah tindakan di atas berlaku dalam sistem pendidikan kita? Jika kita menganggap tidak wajar, maka wajarkah pula kita memansuhkan peperiksaan berpusat seperti UPSR, PMR dan SPM serta mencadangkan pentaksiran berasaskan sekolah sahaja? Rata-rata peserta Seminar Sistem Pentaksiran Kebangsaan yang dihadiri pelbagai lapisan masyarakat pendidik, pertubuhan kerajaan dan bukan kerajaan serta parti politik tidak bersetuju ketiga-tiga peperiksaan itu dimansuhkan. Mereka sepakat menyatakan bahawa peperiksaan perlu ada dan menganggap penekanan kepada peperiksaan (exam oriented) hanya merupakan persepsi masyarakat. Jika kita dapat memberi penekanan yang sama kepada pentaksiran dalam aspek ko-kurikulum, sahsiah, budi pekerti dan nilai-nilai murni melalui pentaksiran berasaskan sekolah, pentaksiran alternatif, pentaksiran autentik, pentaksiran prestasi, pentaksiran formatif dan pentaksiran untuk pembelajaran, dengan sendirinya persepsi tersebut dapat dicairkan.

Kemaskini pada ( Sabtu, 10 Mei 2008 )

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